The latest research indicates that the growth of religiously unaffiliated Americans has slowed or even stopped.
The story of U.S. religion in recent years has been the rise of the nones—the growing number of Americans who say they aren’t affiliated with a religion.
Since the 1970s, the religiously unaffiliated have risen from a single-digit percentage of the U.S. population to encompass more than 1 in 5 adults. That growth has been steady and substantial. Meanwhile, Christianity has fallen from upward of 90 percent to less than 2 in 3. But is the momentum starting to shift? Like most everything with religion and research, the answer is complicated.
Some research organizations have seen a leveling off of the growth in religiously unaffiliated Americans. The latest Pew Research study even finds a drop in nones in the U.S. But not all research organizations agree on the current state, much less the future trends.
Complicated picture
Globally, the future appears more religious and atheism is declining, but that has not been the case in the United States. Recently, Pew Research modeled various scenarios for American religious demographics through 2070. They found the most likely outcome to be Christianity dropping below a majority in 2045 and the unaffiliated becoming the largest group by 2055. By 2070, 52 percent of Americans would be unaffiliated, and 35 percent would identify as Christian.
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This scenario involves the share of Christians choosing to no longer identify as such by the time they reach 30 years old rising with each generation but preventing the retention rate from falling below 50 percent. This tracks with similar trajectories in Europe. Eventually, all the less religious people who previously identified as Christian have switched, and the remaining Christians are committed and more likely to raise committed Christians in the next generation.
The Cooperative Election Study has not yet tracked a slowdown among the nones. Their studies have shown a consistent increase, reaching 36 percent in 2022. But the latest studies from the General Social Survey (GSS), Gallup and Pew paint a different story.
Nones plateau?
Previously, the GSS had shown steady growth in the nones. In fact, it tracked a jump from 23 percent to more than 28 percent from 2018 to 2021. However, the latest 2022 number shows a 1.5 percentage point decline to 27 percent.
Pew Research had nones at 29 percent of the U.S. population in 2021 but already had the religious unaffiliated at 28 percent in 2019 and 2020. Greg Smith, associate director of research at Pew, said the current religious demographic numbers for Protestants, Catholics and nones “have changed a little from year to year but are mostly stable over the last four years or so.”
In 2022, Pew found a slight increase to 31 percent, but their latest study conducted in 2023 recorded a drop in the percentage of Americans without a religious affiliation, down to 28 percent. In an extra analysis piece, Smith writes that it is “premature to conclude that this latest data point means the rise of the ‘nones’ is over. The growth of the religiously unaffiliated may have slowed or even ended. But we will need at least a few more data points to be sure.”
Analysis of religious switching data from GSS by Ryan Burge found evangelicals have a 73 percent retention rate, meaning almost 3 in 4 people raised as evangelicals stay evangelical as adults. That’s below those raised Jewish (82 percent) but similar to Black Protestant (71 percent) and higher than Catholic (67 percent) and mainline Protestant (58 percent). It’s also higher than the retention rate of those raised with no religion (66 percent). In fact, someone raised as religiously unaffiliated is more likely to become an evangelical (16 percent) than an evangelical is to become a none (13 percent).
Much of this may be due to the growth of the religiously unaffiliated coming from those with loose ties to their faith. Analysis of GSS data from the Institute for Family Studies found that while nones have increased substantially since the 1970s, the percentage of Americans with strong religious affiliation has remained fairly steady, sliding down slightly from 40 percent in 1974 to 36 percent in 2018. The percentage with weak religious affiliation, however, dropped from 53 percent to 42 percent, indicating that the vast majority of the movement toward the nones came from the nominally religious.
Gallup also found sustained growth of nones from less than 1 percent in 1950 to 20 percent in 2017. Since that time, however, the religiously unaffiliated have plateaued. From 2017 to 2022, the percentage fluctuated between 20 percent and 21 percent. “We are not seeing the yearly increases that occurred in previous decades,” wrote Frank Newport, senior scientist at Gallup.
Newport acknowledged that Gallup also saw a similar stabilization of the growth in nones from the 1970s to the early 2000s. After climbing from almost zero in the 1950s to 7 percent in 1977, the percentage of Americans who were religiously unaffiliated didn’t reach 10 percent until 2002. It doubled by 2017 before flatlining again in recent years.
The Gallup analysis also pointed out that other measures of religiosity complicate the picture. Since 2017, Gallup has found a continued decline in church attendance and membership. Public trust of pastors continues to fall to historic lows.
“History tells us that the only constant when it comes to American religion is change,” Newport said. “But regardless of what happens in the future, one takeaway from Gallup data, I believe, is evidence that a steady, year-by-year increase in the percentage of Americans who have no religious identity is certainly not inevitable.”
